Dilan Deniz Akan

1 Introduction Health literacy (HL), which first entered the literature in 1974 with Simond's article, is defined as ‘the capacity to access the information necessary for individuals to make appropriate decisions about health in order to promote and maintain good health; to understand, interpret and apply this information in their daily lives’ (Batterham et al. 2016; Dogan and Çetinkaya 2019).

Migration decisions of Turkish IENs were shaped by push factors such as poor working conditions and economic instability and pull factors such as better career opportunities and higher salaries abroad. Turkish IENs experienced positive aspects in their new working environments, such as supportive managers and professional respect, but faced challenges, including language barriers and cultural difficulties.