Divine Nde

3.1. Interactions between Urea and 5%CuO/SiO2 Catalyst To better understand the chemical interaction between the resulting urea and MCP230 EPFRs, we first focus on elucidating details of the catalyst-urea (cat-urea) interaction. Figure 1 shows XANES (a, b) and XPS (c) spectra illustrating urea binding to the catalyst. The N K-edge spectra were calibrated using boron nitride (BN) as a reference (white line = 402.5 eV).

1. Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! The development of successful strategies for lignin conversion into various value-added products requires the design of effective depolymerization protocols. Most research on lignin depolymerization has focused on batch-mode processing. However, the detailed mechanism of lignin pyrolysis in conventional reactors remains unclear, largely due to its complex structure and random composition.