Dongho Shin

1 Introduction Wetting phenomena pervade daily life and underlie a broad range of technologies, including printing, painting, coating, condensation, and evaporation in heat exchangers, the dispensing of herbicides and insecticides, and the functionality of waterproof fabrics, filters, soil, and flotation systems.

1 Introduction Medical researchers frequently confront four challenges of interest in this paper. First, patients are repeatedly measured or nested within clusters, such as physicians, clinics and neighborhoods. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) is appropriate to analyze such data [1, 2]. Second, missing data commonly occur at the cluster level, posing a challenge to efficient and unbiased estimation of the HLM.

1. Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies among men worldwide, with its incidence varying across geographic regions and populations [1]. The management of localized prostate cancer is individualized according to the disease characteristics, health status, and treatment preferences of patients.