Drought-Flood Disasters

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The ERA5 reanalysis data are available from https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets. The GPCC data can be accessed via https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/html/fulldata-monthly_v2022_doi_download.html. The ERSST v5 data are available from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html. The NMIC data used in this study are not publicly available due to proprietary restrictions.

1 Introduction Sea ice is vital for regulating climate variability because of its high albedo and low thermal conductivity (Fei et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2015). The IPCC (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2021) report highlights a continuous decline in Arctic sea ice (ASI) coverage since 1979, with an accelerating rate of reduction, as evidenced by satellite data.

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