Dwi Adi Sunarto

1 Introduction Global pollinator declines threaten crop production, with pollinator limitations reducing yields by 3%–8% globally and causing annual losses of 235 000–577 000 t (Reilly et al. 2020). Within this context of pollinator crisis, Diptera—true flies encompassing approximately 160 000 described species across 158 families—have emerged as ecologically significant yet systematically undervalued crop pollinators (Ssymank et al. 2008; Orford et al. 2015).