Dyah L. Dewi

1 Introduction The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been recognized as a key mediator of tumor immune escape (1–3). Three enzymes, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and 2 (IDO1, IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) initiate the first steps in the KP, converting tryptophan (Trp) to N-formyl-kynurenine, which can be further metabolized by arylformamidase (AFMID) yielding the immunosuppressive catabolite kynurenine (Kyn).

Beberapa pekan lagi, Bulan Ramadhan akan tiba. Bulan yang ditunggu-tunggu sebagian umat muslim ini adalah bulan yang istimewa karena masyarakat muslim berusaha berlomba-lomba dalam melakukan kebaikan. Selain itu, umat muslim diwajibkan berpuasa di Bulan Ramadhan. Tahun lalu, Bulan Ramadhan tidak seperti tahun-tahun sebelumya. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya kebijakan physical distancing sehingga kegiatan ibadah di masjid terbatas.

Abstract Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator of cancer progression. Three enzymes, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 and 2 (IDO1/2) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), catalyse the first step of the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn).