Under a Creative Commons license open access Abbreviations CAMs Cathode active materials EMC Methyl ethyl carbonate EPS Extracellular polymers ERA Electrochemical recycling approach HEV Hybrid electric vehicle IEA International energy agency LFP Lithium iron phosphate LMO Lithium manganese oxide LiPF6 Lithium hexafluorophosphate LSV Linear sweep voltammograms Ni-MH Nickel-metal hydride NMC Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide PHEV Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PLS Pregnant leaching...