Edward Alan Dickin

1 INTRODUCTION Soil compaction caused by the use of heavy farm equipment adversely affects soil conditions and the performance of crops (Batey, 2009; Godwin et al., 2022; Hamza & Anderson, 2005; Keller et al., 2019; Shaheb & Shearer, 2021; Shaheb et al., 2023). It is estimated that more than 33% of European subsoils are highly susceptible to soil compaction (Jones et al., 2003) while in the USA, soils in all regions are designated as susceptible (USDA NRCS, 2004).

1. Introduction Foundations are generally designed according to pressure loads acting in the vertical direction. However, many foundations are exposed to uplift loads due to both the type of load acting on them and structural reasons, such as with towers, offshore structures, traffic signs, buried pipelines, and tunnels [1,2,3,4]. The most important factor affecting the design of foundations is the behavior of the soil in which they are located.