Edwin Agudelo Córdoba

1. Introduction The Putumayo watershed in the Colombian Amazon is home to 470 fish species [1]; 17 percent of these, i.e., 80 species, are used for commercial fishing and self-consumption (unpublished data). According to the IUCN Red List, Colombia has 22 species, 16 of which are classified as vulnerable (VU) [2]. Overfishing, the degradation of aquatic environments, population growth, and limited action by regulatory authorities jeopardize the population status of the ichthyofauna [3].

• , , , and . . “ Fish Diversity of Colombian Andes-Amazon Streams at the End of Conflict Is a Reference for Conservation Before Increased Land Use .” Ecology and Evolution , no. : – . https://doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2016.04.00076. • , , and . . “ Spatially Explicit Analysis of Biodiversity Loss due to Global Agriculture, Pasture and Forest Land Use From a Producer and Consumer Perspective .” Environmental Science and Technology , no. : – . https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06153. • .

1 INTRODUCTION Increased human activities have already transformed and degraded many ecosystems worldwide due to urbanization, agriculture, and extraction of natural resources (Achiso, 2020; Feng et al., 2022; IPBES, 2019). As a result, diversity is often reduced, measured as a decrease in both species richness and relative abundance (Newbold et al., 2015), and it is difficult to understand reference conditions before human impacts occurred.