Elijah Hall

1 Introduction Climate change is affecting species and their interactions in ecosystems across the world (Cruz et al. 2023; McCarty 2001; Pincebourde et al. 2017; Trunschke et al. 2024; Tylianakis et al. 2008). The linked population dynamics of some mutualists, such as flowering plants and pollinators, may make them especially vulnerable to population declines if their interactions are disrupted (Kiers et al. 2010; Kudo et al. 2025; Montes-Perez et al. 2025; Rafferty et al. 2015).

1 INTRODUCTION A wide variety of eukaryotic species reproduce sexually, generating new individuals by combining the gametes of two parents.