Ellasia Tan

1 Introduction The design of conjugated polymers for organic semiconducting device applications has been largely driven by the potential for alternative low-cost, solution-processable, and high-performance devices.

Polarons exist when charges are injected into organic semiconductors due to their strong coupling with the lattice phonons, significantly affecting electronic charge transport properties. Understanding the formation and (de)localisation of polarons is therefore critical for further developing organic semiconductors as a future electronics platform. However, there have been very few studies reported in this area.