Elric Zhang

1 Introduction Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that employs focal static magnetic fields (SMFs) generated by a cylindrical neodymium permanent magnet placed over the scalp [1]. Unlike the dynamic magnetic fields produced by the well-established non-invasive brain stimulation modality, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the magnetic field in tSMS remains constant in both intensity and direction over time [2].

Abstract Spinal cord injury remains difficult to treat because of the intrinsically limited regenerative capacity of neurons. Although neural progenitor cell (NPC) therapies are promising, inadequate graft survival, uncontrolled differentiation and weak functional integration continue to restrict outcomes.

1 Introduction Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) capable of highresolution, bidirectional neural communication would be transformative for both neuroscience research and the clinical treatment of neurological diseases [1]. High‑resolution BCIs are essential for developing therapies for currently untreatable neurological diseases and for elucidating fundamental mechanisms underlying the operation of biological neural circuits.