Eric Walther

1 Introduction Interpreting underlying factors that facilitate vicariant events is crucial to understanding biogeographic patterns of population isolation and subsequent allopatric speciation. For many faunal groups that exhibit enigmatic distributional ranges, an understanding of the geologic changes a particular fauna experienced during its history has the potential to offer compelling explanations for those present-day distributions (Kim et al. 2023; Wood et al. 2025).

When to file a notice of appeal is an issue that plagues appellate lawyers. Notices of appeal are subject to strict jurisdictional deadlines—meaning that if the deadline is not met, an appellate court cannot consider the appeal at all. Therefore, parties, and by extension their lawyers, must be careful to ensure that notices of appeal are timely filed to preserve their appellate rights. As a general matter, parties have 30 days from the entry of an appealable order to file a notice of appeal.

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, meaning they can only hear certain types of cases. One of the bases for federal subject-matter jurisdiction is diversity jurisdiction, which allows parties from different states to litigate in federal court if the amount in controversy exceeds a specified threshold.