Erik Fung

Abstract Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance can accurately determine stroke volume (SV), however, both require specialized expertise and infrastructure for analysis and interpretation. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has emerged as a non-invasive imaging modality that still requires appropriate training and equipment, but that can be implemented with comparatively simpler training and acquisition protocols.

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3. Results 3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Longitudinal Study Cohort The median age of 2997 community-living older adults (47.5% male) in this cohort was 71 (IQR 68–75) years at baseline. Among them, 1282 (42.8%) and 425 (14.2%) had hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively (). Hypertension was associated with older age (median 72 [IQR 68–75] vs. 71 [IQR 68–75] years, p < 0.0001), increased frailty (frailty index 0.13 [IQR 0.11–0.19] vs.