Eunice Eunhee Jang

Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the fields of language education and assessment, offering unprecedented opportunities to redefine and enhance both how language is learned and how it is assessed (Chapelle & Chung, 2010; Nakatsuhara & Berry, 2021; Xi, 2023). Technological advances facilitate the assessment of complex language abilities like prosody in oral reading fluency (ORF) assessment, which has traditionally been underrepresented.

What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community? ○ This paper provides a nursing communication skills framework that identifies unique factors in reading, writing, listening and speaking, highlighting both commonalities and differences in these domains. ○ The study demonstrates how nursing professionals value communication skills in various contexts, including patient–nurse interactions, inter- and intra-professional communication and community engagement.