Faeq Almudares

Abstract Oxygen (O2) is vital for cellular development, function, proliferation, and repair, underscoring its critical role in organogenesis. Both hypoxia (reduced tissue O2) and hyperoxia (excess tissue O2), when prolonged, can trigger inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to acute and long-term cardiopulmonary and neurodevelopmental morbidity.

Keywords Pregnancy, Female, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Infant, Premature, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Gestational Age, Respiration, Artificial, Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Abstract Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-responsive cytokine, and its expression increases during inflammation, hyperoxia, and senescence. Significantly, GDF15 is secreted by the placenta, and maternal levels increase throughout pregnancy.

READER’S FORUM Early Quantitative Capnography To Enhance Neonatal Resuscitation in Extremely Premature Infants Faeq Almudares, Corresponding Author Faeq Almudares Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA Correspondence Faeq Almudares, Email: almudare@bcm.edu, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas, 77025 Search for more papers by this authorCaraciolo J. Fernandes, Caraciolo J.