Faham Khamesipour

1 Introduction Citrobacter freundii presents a significant food safety and public health issue because of its dual role as an opportunistic pathogen and zoonotic pathogen. The facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative has been gaining notoriety as a causative agent of nosocomial infections and outbreaks from foodborne disease, as it has effectively elevated environmental reservoirs and clinical settings via the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants (Johnson et al., 2020; Pletz et al.

CT Computed tomography EIA Echinococcus IgG antibody 1 Introduction Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of hydatid disease, is endemic in many parts of the world, including Iran [1, 2]. While hydatid disease can affect individuals of all ages, its presentation and progression exhibit notable differences between children and adults [3].

Mechanism of infection of Varroa destructor V. destructor (formerly known as V. jacobsoni) is an obligate ectoparasite of brood and adult honey bees, which is currently considered to have the most negative impact on apiculture (Kugonza, 2021). Varroa-infested colonies have been reported to die after 2–3 years of infestation, if not systematically treated (Rosenkranz et al., 2010). V. destructor has originally coevolved with A.