Fangshu Yang

1 Introduction With increasing global demands for oil and gas exploration, seismic exploration remains a core technique (Helbig 1994), where imaging accuracy and computational efficiency critically govern hydrocarbon reservoir identification precision. Velocity model building (VMB) (Jones 2010), a fundamental seismic data processing component, directly controls advanced imaging techniques, including reverse time migration (RTM) (Baysal et al. 1983).