Fatma Aydın Ünal

1 Introduction In recent years, various semiconductor materials, including ZnO [1], TiO2 [2], SnO2 [3], and Nb2O5 [4], have been used in solar cell applications [5, 6]. Among these, TiO2 is the most widely used photocatalytic material. TiO2 is an n-type semiconductor with low conductivity [7, 8]. As the polymorph of TiO2, it has three phases: anatase, rutile, and brookite.

Advanced search Compost Science & Utilization Latest Articles Submit an article Journal homepage Full Article Figures & data References Supplemental Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Read this article /doi/full/10.1080/1065657X.2025.2572715?needAccess=true Abstract Vermicompost, an organic fertilizer rich in humic and fulvic acids, is derived from the decomposition of various organic materials by earthworms and can be readily absorbed by plants.

In this paper, we introduce the synthesis of undoped ZnO and 5 wt % Gd/K co-doped ZnO compounds to improve photocatalytic activity. Undoped ZnO particles and Gd/K co-doped ZnO particles were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The samples were studied by XRD, SEM/EDX, UV-Vis, BET analysis, particle size analysis, and photocatalytic activities were tested. SEM micrographs showed that the particle size was in the sub-micrometer or nanometer range.