Fayed Abdullah Alrashaidi

1 Introduction Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs) are described as ultra-thin sheets down to one atom thick and can be prepared from bulk material. The scientific interest in 2D NMs stems from the discovery in 2004 of the exfoliation of graphite into graphene 2D carbon layers. Since then, research has intensified to discover other 2D NMs, driven by their unique and potentially advantageous properties for application in, for example, electronics, energy, and catalysis.

Hydrogels have been widely used to entrap biomolecules for various biocatalytic reactions. However, solute diffusion in these matrices to initiate such reactions can be a very slow process. Conventional mixing remains a challenge as it can cause irreversible distortion or fragmentation of the hydrogel itself. To overcome the diffusion-limit, a shear-stress-mediated platform named the portable vortex-fluidic device (P-VFD) is developed.