Fernando Rogerio Pavan

1 Introduction Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the most persistent infectious diseases worldwide, posing a major threat to global health despite decades of medical advances [1]. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains has further complicated disease management, highlighting the limitations of conventional antibiotic therapies [2].

In 2025, peptide research saw the convergence of chemical synthesis and computational modelling. Advances in artificial intelligence-guided design and new macrocyclic and covalent frameworks expanded structural creativity, transforming peptides into programmable molecules with functions beyond traditional design.

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