Frank Bright

1 Introduction Retrocaval ureter, formerly known as circumcaval ureter or pre-ureteral vena cava, is a congenital anomaly where the ureter is variably positioned behind the inferior vena cava (IVC) [1, 2]. It occurs when, around the sixth week, an abnormality causes the right posterior cardinal vein—normally situated lateral to the ureter—to persist as part of the renal segment of the IVC instead of the right subcardinal vein [1].

Abstract In Tanzania, breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer among women but is far less common in men. Late-stage diagnosis often occurring due to low levels of BC awareness and low compliance with practice of breast self-examination (BSE) for early BC detection. However, the factors related to BC awareness and performance of regular BSE in Tanzania are unclear. The present study aimed to examine the extent to which several dimensions of BC knowledge are associated with BSE.

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