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Articles by Fred Klein
Two-Hundred Years Of Written Observations Of Kīlauea's Summit Activity
Editor's note: Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and affiliates. On August 1, 1823, an English missionary named William Ellis visited Kīlauea caldera with his Hawaiian guides on a tour of the Island of Hawaiʻi.
The Beauty of Classic Wet Flies
A brook trout fin wet fly that I designed and have fished with success. Trout fin flies are tied to mimic the fin of a brook trout, which are territorial and aggressive, biting one another’s fins, especially during the spawn. These wet flies will work all through the year. My journey in pursuit of trout with the fly began over 40 years ago with a new fly rod and instructions to cast and drift a fly. What a gift that was.
Two Hundred Years of Magma Transport and Storage at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, 1790-2008
This publication summarizes the evolution of the internal plumbing of Kīlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawaiʻi from the first documented eruption in 1790 to the explosive eruption of March 2008 in Halemaʻumaʻu Crater. For the period before the founding of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in 1912, we rely on written observations of eruptive activity, earthquake swarms, and periodic draining of magma from the lava lake present in Kīlauea Caldera.
Lithospheric flexure under the Hawaiian volcanic load: Internal stresses and a broken plate revealed by earthquakes
Several lines of earthquake evidence indicate that the lithospheric plate is broken under the load of the island of Hawai`i, where the geometry of the lithosphere is circular with a central depression. The plate bends concave downward surrounding a stress-free hole, rather than bending concave upward as with past assumptions. Earthquake focal mechanisms show that the center of load stress and the weak hole is between the summits of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea where the load is greatest.
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