Gary I. Glassman

Root canal shaping remains a critical step in endodontic treatment, as it directly influences the effectiveness of irrigation, the quality of obturation, and the long-term outcome of therapy. Over the past decades, shaping strategies have evolved from complex multi-instrument rotary sequences toward simplified approaches designed to reduce procedural steps.

What are the biggest fears of life? There’s the fear of dying, the fear of public speaking, fear of animals and crawling insects, but one of the most prevalent, is fear of pain from the dentist’s needle.

iStock Bone modifying agents, including bisphosphonates and denosumab, are widely prescribed for the management of osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease. Their effectiveness in reducing fracture risk and skeletal-related events is well established. However, their use has introduced a clinically : medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).