Gavin Miles Lockard

Keywords: mixed reality; arteriovenous malformation; virtual reality; augmented reality; surgical planning and navigation; Spetzler-Martin grade; supplemented Spetzler-Martin grade Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are among the most formidable challenges within neurosurgery, primarily due to their intricate vascular architecture and the potential morbidity associated with their resection.1–3 With significant heterogeneity in presentation, location, and hemodynamic properties, AVM...

1. Introduction to TBI Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may involve direct penetrating and indirect non-penetrating force to the head [1,2,3]. While direct penetrating TBI consists of a direct mechanical blow to the head, indirect non-penetrating TBI occurs when an external force, not necessarily acting directly on the head, is partly absorbed by the brain because of sudden acceleration–deceleration phenomena, such as in blast shock waves, high-speed car collisions, concussions, among others [1,2,3].

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