Ghim Ping Ong

Get full access to this article View all available purchase options and get full access to this article. Data Availability Statement Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgments This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52178417).

The presence of water on wet roads due to rainfall has emerged as a critical factor influencing driving safety. During severe weather, the non-uniform water distribution on the road can significantly diminish pavement friction, elevating the risk of traffic accident. Furthermore, the tire-pavement friction coefficient varies with vehicle velocity, rendering wet braking analysis complex.

1 INTRODUCTION Cycling is a favorable first-/last-mile commute mode (Advani & Tiwari, 2006) by both transport authorities and users due to its numerous advantages, including environmental friendliness (Shaheen et al., 2010), sustainability (OECD, 2004), decarbonization of traffic, its capability to enhance accessibility to public transport (Jäppinen et al., 2013), its relatively low cost, compared to cars, and its high speed, compared to walking.