Gilsoo Jang

1. Introduction Power systems are undergoing a significant transformation to achieve carbon neutrality, marked by the integration of renewable energy sources, advancements in battery energy storage systems, and the adoption of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies. Among these changes, renewable energy sources present challenges to the grid owing to their unpredictability, varying output responses, and different connection conditions compared with traditional sources.

1. Introduction A power system is defined as something that generates and consumes electricity concurrently. Ensuring a balance between the supply and demand of electricity is vital to regulating and sustaining frequency fluctuations within a specified range. Hence, continuous monitoring of power demand is imperative. During periods when industrial development was not as extensive, the power grid was relatively small and less heavily loaded, facilitating the monitoring of power demand.

5. Conclusions A key method for achieving carbon neutrality in the energy sector is to transition from carbon-emitting to carbon-free and low-carbon generation. Renewable energy expansion is an example of this transition. However, renewable energy expansion must correspond to the hosting capacity of the grid. When renewable energy generation exceeds the grid’s hosting capacity, the result is surplus renewable energy, leading to renewable energy curtailment.