Greg Bridges

1 INTRODUCTION To achieve large-scale and high-quality production of biopharmaceuticals from mammalian cells in bioprocesses, it is crucial to have the capability to control and monitor key process parameters in real-time.1, 2 While several culture parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature, are continuously monitored using inline probes located within biopharmaceutical bioreactors, the assessment of cell physiological status is typically conducted offline.2, 3 This involves...

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