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Articles by Greg Midgette
Exploring the sources of the decline in US drug overdoses
Explaining why this happened is a major challenge. Nabarun DasGupta has identified eight possible factors, and it is not difficult to add still others to his list. Vanda Felbab-Brown, in another Brookings report, has also considered a variety of sources. In a recent Science article, one of us and five other authors presented an analysis that strongly suggested that a supply shock was a major factor. It also proposed, less certainly, that Chinese actions against precursor producers were responsible.
Waiting Periods and the Maturation of a Policy Evidence Base
Swanson and colleagues1 provide an important contribution to a small but growing evidence base on the effects of firearm purchase waiting periods.
Crime and Law Enforcement After Fatal Police Encounters: Differential Impacts of Freddie Gray’s Death Across Baltimore Neighborhoods
Abstract Despite the attention generated by high-profile cases of police violence against Black Americans, the impact of these events on citizen and police decision-making remains unsettled. Although existing studies document general effects of police violence on crime and policing, research has not adequately examined how these effects compound existing neighborhood inequalities.
The dynamics of US drug markets
Executive summary Four decades of unabated growth in drug-related fatalities in the United States shows an escalating public health crisis, though drug use prevalence has not shown much increase since 2002. The national overdose growth rate, remarkably constant over the period and roughly doubling every eight years, is apparently impervious to shifts in policy interventions.
Which drugs are up, which are down?
In the show’s second episode, host Vanda Felbab-Brown talks with Dr. Peter Reuter and Dr. Greg Midgette, criminology professors at the University of Maryland, about the current state of the U.S. drug market, discussing changes to U.S. consumption patterns from cocaine to various opioids. The episode also explores the dramatic rise in lethality in the U.S. drug market, not just because of the widespread prevalence of fentanyl, but also because of the increasing potency of methamphetamine.
Diverting 911 calls: Lessons from early adopting urban jurisdictions
Between 2015 and 2023, at least 525 unarmed persons were killed by police in the United States (Washington Post, 2023). Of these fatal incidents, roughly one in five were initiated by reports of a person or situation that exhibited signs of mental illness (Saleh et al., 2018). Many of these cases began as 911 emergency calls for service (CFS) from the community to report a person or situation that exhibited concerning behavior.
Saving Lives and Reducing Crime: Insights from Peer-Reviewed Studies of 24/7 Sobriety and Ideas for Future Research
This article is excerpted from Beau Kilmer et al., “Combining Frequent Alcohol Testing with Swift-Certain-Fair Sanctions: Summary of the Peer-Reviewed Literature on 24/7 Sobriety and Ideas for Future Research,” Federal Sentencing Reporter, 36(4) (2024): 201–208. After a decade of stability, the age-adjusted rate of alcohol-induced deaths in the U.S. started increasing after 2009, with a 26% increase from 2019 to 2020.
Association of an Alcohol Abstinence Program With Mortality in Individuals Arrested for Driving While Alcohol Impaired
[Skip to Navigation] March 1, 2023 JAMA Psychiatry. Published online March 1, 2023.
Responses to & Perceptions of Drug Policies, Illicit Drug Use & Illegal Drug Markets
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Can novel ‘swift‐certain‐fair’ programs work outside of pioneering jurisdictions? An analysis of 24/7 Sobriety in Montana, USA
Background and Aims The US state of South Dakota's 24/7 Sobriety Program (24/7) requires individuals charged or convicted of alcohol-involved offenses to avoid alcohol and submit to twice-daily or continuous alcohol testing. We evaluated the impact of the 24/7 program in the US state of Montana.
Heroin Use Cannot Be Measured Adequately with a General Population Survey
Addiction Opinion and Debate Peter Reuter Corresponding Author preuter@umd.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-0849 Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 201742 USA Correspondence to: Peter Reuter, University of Maryland, School of Public Policy, College Park, MD. 201742.
Criminal Deterrence: Evidence from an Individual‐Level Analysis of 24/7 Sobriety
Research Article Beau Kilmer, Greg Midgette, Corresponding Author gem@umd.edu Correspondence Greg Midgette Email: gem@umd.edu Search for more papers by this author PDF ShareShare Get access to the full version of this article. View access options below. Institutional Login Loading institution options... Log in to Wiley Online Library If you have previously obtained access with your personal account, please log in.
Has Cannabis Use Among Youth Increased After Changes in Its Legal Status? A Commentary on Use of Monitoring the Future for Analyses of Changes in State Cannabis Laws
Abstract As US states move toward various forms of adult access to cannabis, there has been a great interest in measuring the impact of such changes on adolescent cannabis use. Two recent prominent analyses have used Monitoring the Future (MTF), a nationally representative survey of students, to examine the effects. We compared MTF data for California and for Washington State with other survey data on use by adolescents in those states.
Insights from an Individual-Level Analysis of 24/7 Sobriety
The ability to deter rule violations is based on the certainty, celerity, and severity of punishment for noncompliance; however, a disproportionate share of public policies and program evaluations focus on severity. In this paper, we evaluate a large-scale effort to significantly increase certainty and celerity of sanction for an offense while keeping severity low: South Dakota's 24/7 Sobriety Program (hereinafter, 24/7).
Mixed Messages: Is Cocaine Consumption in the U.S. Going Up or Down?
The 50 percent decline in U.S. cocaine consumption from 2006 to 2010 was regarded as monumental, but data now suggest that cocaine overdose deaths are increasing in the United States. Meanwhile, the amount of land used to cultivate coca in Colombia nearly doubled from 2013 to 2015 ( ). While it seems plausible to associate these recent changes with a significant increase in U.S. cocaine consumption, that might not be correct.
Mixed messages: Is cocaine consumption in the U.S. going up or down? | Brookings Institution
The 50 percent decline in U.S. cocaine consumption from 2006 to 2010 was regarded as monumental, but data now suggest that cocaine overdose deaths are increasing in the United States. Meanwhile, the amount of land used to cultivate coca in Colombia nearly doubled from 2013 to 2015. While it seems plausible to associate these recent changes with a significant increase in U.S. cocaine consumption, that might not be correct.
Can the 24/7 Sobriety Program Reduce Problem Drinking and Improve Public Health?
Alcohol consumption can impose enormous health and safety costs on individuals and society. Problem drinkers account for a disproportionate share of these costs. Although millions of problem drinkers pass through the criminal justice system each year, reducing their alcohol consumption has proven difficult.
Efficacy of Frequent Monitoring With Swift, Certain, and Modest Sanctions for Violations: Insights From South Dakota’s 24/7 Sobriety Project
Affiliation Beau Kilmer PhD, Nancy Nicosia PhD, Paul Heaton PhD, and Greg Midgette MPP Beau Kilmer, Paul Heaton, and Greg Midgette are with RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. Nancy Nicosia is with RAND Corporation, Boston, MA. B. Kilmer is also with the RAND Drug Policy Research Center, Santa Monica. P. Heaton is also with the RAND Institute for Civil Justice, Santa Monica. G. Midgette is also with the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica.
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