Guansong Wang

Abstract We aimed to estimate the population-standardized prevalence, absolute number of cases, and life-course factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care settings of Chongqing, China. This cross-sectional study was conducted from February to October 2025 across 17 survey sites within 12 districts and counties in Chongqing. Permanent residents aged ≥ 20 years were recruited by convenience sampling at the participating facilities.

1 Introduction Sepsis, which has a high morbidity and mortality rate, results from infection caused by maladaptive immune and metabolic responses (1, 2). Dysregulation of the immune response leading to organ dysfunction and eventually organ failure is thought to be the key to distinguishing sepsis from infection and is increasingly recognized as an important part of the pathogenesis of sepsis (3–5).