Guillaume P. Ramstein

Abstract Historical plant breeding, which optimizes phenotypes through selective crossing guided by phenotypic evaluation and molecular markers, is limited by evolutionary constraints that hinder rapid crop improvement. A new paradigm, precision breeding, circumvents these limitations by targeting genetic variants through functional molecular knowledge.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES , , , , , , , & (2020). Multi-trait genomic prediction improves predictive ability for dry matter yield and water-soluble carbohydrates in perennial ryegrass. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, Article 1197. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01197 , , , , & (2011). Accuracy and training population design for genomic selection on quantitative traits in elite orth American oats. Plant Genome, 4(2), 132–144.

The prevalence of pleiotropy is low but shows variation by trait type and population Each population-trait category was investigated independently due to the uniqueness of the genetic architecture of each population, the variable trait sample size, and to investigate the differences in the patterns of pleiotropy between trait types.