Güneş Kibar

1 Introduction The development of green and rapid synthesis methods for functional nanoparticles has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly for biomedical, environmental, and catalytic applications [1, 2]. Among all these functional nanoparticles, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification [3].

1 Introduction Cancer is still a major global public health challenge as the second-leading cause of death, with far-reaching repercussions not only for individuals but also for their families and communities (Siegel et al. 2024).