Guoying Peng

1. Introduction Facial expressions have traditionally been regarded as key indicators of an individual’s mental state and emotions [1,2]. Their capacity to convey significant non-verbal cues regarding human intentions and feelings has facilitated advances in multiple domains, such as affective computing, healthcare, education, and entertainment.

Open AccessArticle by Jiajin Zhang 1, Guoying Peng 1, Hongyu Yang 2, Chao Tan 3, Yaqing Tan 1,* and Hui Bai 4,* 1 College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China 2 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China 3 Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin 644001, China 4 College of Architectural Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China *...