INTRODUCTION Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) constitutes a distinct pathological entity defined by myocardial structural and functional abnormalities that arise independently of coronary artery disease and hypertension, contributing significantly to the excess mortality associated with diabetes mellitus.1-3 Pathophysiologically, the diabetic heart is characterized by profound metabolic disturbances, primarily metabolic inflexibility marked by an overreliance on fatty acid oxidation and a...
