Guyo Godana Dureti

Abstract Cropland degradation is a major threat to agricultural production and the environment. To address this, countries around the world implement a range of public policies. We used global satellite remote sensing data (~83 million measurements of cropland condition from 2001 to 2019) and 2 complementary quasi-experimental impact evaluation methods (difference in discontinuities and difference in differences) to assess the impact of these policies on the state of the world’s cropland.

1 Introduction Access to safe (drinking) water and sanitation remains an important development agenda advocated for by many development and multinational institutions. It forms an important part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6 which seeks to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.” As of 2020, almost 2.4 billion people live in water stressed countries where water still seems to be out of reach of most people (UN 2023).

3.1 Household survey The data used in this study come from a large-scale farm household survey conducted in February 2020 and April 2021 in Ethiopia. The survey included farm households producing Ethiopia's main staple crops such as wheat, maize, teff, barley, and sesame in four major regions (Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nations, and Tigray).