Haahjem Eftedal

For decades, developmental theory has emphasized that families are transactional systems rather than one-way pipelines of influence (Kretschmer, 2023). Yet much empirical work in child and adolescent mental health still reads as though parents act and children respond. That framing is understandable, but incomplete. Children and adolescents do not simply receive family environments; they also shape them. Bjørndal et al.