Handrea Bernando Tambunan

1. Introduction Renewable energy has emerged as a pivotal solution to address the growing global demand for electrical power while mitigating the environmental impacts of traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources [1,2,3]. Unlike finite and environmentally taxing resources such as coal or oil, renewable energy derives from naturally replenishing sources, including sunlight, wind, water, biomass, and geothermal heat [4].

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1. Introduction The electricity industry is currently undergoing an energy transition characterized by a shift towards renewable energy sources and a reduction in the use of fossil fuels [,]. This transition is driven by various factors, such as climate change, environmental concerns, and government policies [,]. As a result, electricity companies, including the state-owned Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) in Indonesia, are facing new challenges and opportunities in the market.