Hannes Gierke

1. Introduction Predicting the safety of a new chemical entity (NCE) prior to first-in-human administration is a main aspect of preclinical testing [1]. Despite new methods of toxicological testing arising from rapid advancements of in vitro models, including three-dimensional cell cultures, microphysiological systems and computational modelling, the complexity of a living organism still prevents the full replacement of animal studies [2].