Harriet Bartlett

Correction to: Nature Food https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00921-2, published online 11 April 2024. In the version of this article originally published, a paper describing the animal‑welfare metric and methodology used (originally cited as ref. 64) is now cited earlier (ref. 34; Bartlett, H. et al. Proc. Royal Soc. B https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.0120 (2023)), with citation updates in the Fig.

Abstract Farming externalities are believed to co-vary negatively, yet trade-offs have rarely been quantified systematically. Here we present data from UK and Brazilian pig production systems representative of most commercial systems across the world ranging from ‘intensive’ indoor systems through to extensive free range, Organic and woodland systems to explore co-variation among four major externality costs.

When we go to the supermarket and pick up a meat product, there are all sorts of badges and logos relating to food standards. While the current labelling system can give us a pretty good idea of the environmental cost of producing the sausages we buy, it’s not so good at informing us about the welfare of the animals as they were being reared.