Harriet George

Vlasiator Vlasiator16,17 (https://helsinki.fi/vlasiator) simulates the plasma dynamics using a hybrid-Vlasov model in six-dimensional (6D) phase space, containing 3D real space and 3D space for proton velocity distributions. This approach treats electrons as a charge-neutralizing fluid through Ohm’s law, including the Hall and electron pressure gradient terms, but does not take into account electron kinetic effects in which electron dynamics modify the magnetic fields.