Harsh Barua

Crystal Growth & Design Cite this: Cryst. Growth Des. 2025, XXXX, XXX Click to copy citationCitation copied! . This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 . You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format and to adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially within the parameters below: Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license. Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.

Crystal Growth & Design Cite this: Cryst. Growth Des. 2025, XXXX, XXX Click to copy citationCitation copied! . This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 . You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format and to adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially within the parameters below: Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license. Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.

1 Introduction Crystallisation underpins the formation of structured materials integral to medicine, agriculture, and biology in the form of pharmaceutical treatments, pesticides, and biomineralisation.1 A crystallisation process can be broadly divided into two steps: nucleation and crystal growth.2 The pre-requisite for both is the formation of a supersaturated solution, as the new phase can only appear and grow when a system is in a non-equilibrium state.2 Early stages of crystallisation...