Hatim Muhammad Mahamid

1. Introduction During the reign of the Mamluk Sultan Baybars (1260–1277 AC), he worked in various religious and political fields (sharīʿa and siyāsa) until he succeeded in achieving stability, security, and a strong system of government. After the revival of the Abbasid caliphate in Cairo, Baybars was granted high titles that symbolized religious status as well as political and military status through documents issued by the caliph or other decrees (see: Ibn Taghrī Birdī 1963, vol. 7, pp.