Henu Kumar

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessReview by 1, 1, 2 and 1,* 1 Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, India 2 Department of Immunopathology, Institute of lungs Health and Immunity, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Curr. Oncol.

Experimental Hematology & Oncology, Sep 2023 Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in males and the fifth leading reason of death. Age, ethnicity, family history, and genetic defects are major factors that determine the aggressiveness and lethality of PC. The African population is at the highest risk of developing high-grade PC. It can be challenging to distinguish between low-risk and high-risk patients due to the slow progression of PC.

1. Introduction Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is a malignant disease with devastating effects. It is the ninth most common cancer and ranks as the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. EC, which includes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), is a kind of cancer that develops in the esophagus [2]. If it occurs in the middle or upper portion, EC can be fatal [3]. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1 for ESCC, while for EAC, it is 6:1.