Hisatoshi Toriya

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All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

1. Introduction 1.1. Background Traditionally, mining is viewed as a temporary land use, the value of mine sites being temporary and primarily tied to the extraction phase. Upon resource depletion or the cessation of economic viability, these sites are often abandoned. The neglect of proper rehabilitation strategies for these sites poses significant environmental risks, such as acid mine drainage (AMD) and contamination from tailings and waste piles [].