Honors Hall

Parasites are a nearly universal aspect of an organism’s biotic environment. They can impose a variety of fitness costs on their hosts, including sterilization or even death (Crofton 1971; Bashey et al. 2011; Corral et al. 2021). Host populations may therefore evolve mechanisms to avoid, resist, or tolerate parasites (Lively 1996; Sears et al. 2015; Knutie et al. 2016). Populations and individuals also vary in their ability to defend against parasites (Hayward et al. 2014; Klemme et al. 2020).