Hossam Mostafa

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a persistent metabolic condition that requires accurate and early diagnosis to prevent severe complications. This paper proposes an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)-based predictive framework for multi-classification of diabetes mellitus into non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic classes. After standardization and exclusion of non-clinical identifiers, Duplicate clinical records were removed from the original dataset, leaving 826 unique records.