hossein mohammadi

1 Introduction The utilisation of models in the planning, design, and operation of water distribution systems is paramount for anticipating the consequences of various actions taken by engineers and operators. However, these models possess inherent limitations that can potentially distort the representation of the systems they aim to mimic. Understanding and acknowledging these limitations is crucial for the appropriate application of such models.

Abstract Creating a structured transverse-intensity distribution that undergoes axial rotation during propagation while preserving its overall shape remains a major challenge, as achieving a stable, continuous, and substantial rotation across the entire beam cross-section has thus far proven elusive.