Howell Jones

INTRODUCTION Long-term conditions are physical or psychological problems that require ongoing management over a period of years [1]. They are incurable but can be managed with medication or other therapies [1]. A person-centred approach is central to long-term condition management (LTCM) [2]. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) means HIV is a manageable long-term condition with a life expectancy comparable with people without HIV [2, 3].

Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease where there is early prominent death of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Kalia and Lang, 2015). The resultant dopamine deficiency within the basal ganglia leads to the principal symptoms of tremor, stiffness, and slowness of movement (Kalia and Lang, 2015; Clarke, 2007). On examination one may find the clinical signs of resting tremor, rigidity on passive movement and bradykinesia (Clarke, 2007).

Introduction Skin ageing is a complex process influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic ageing, driven by time and genetics leads to reduced collagen production, giving rise to less elastic skin (Tobin, 2017). Extrinsic ageing is affected by environmental factors such as ultraviolet light exposure and lifestyle choices like smoking (Zhang and Duan, 2018).