Huiying Lin

1 Introduction Coffee is derived from species within the Coffee genus, which comprises over 100 species of tropical trees and shrubs (Ferrão et al. 2015). Commercial cultivation of coffee occurs within the geographic region between 30°N and 30°S, commonly referred to as the “coffee belt” (de Melo Pereira et al. 2019). Of the numerous species within this genus, Coffea arabica L. (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta) are the most widely cultivated worldwide (Elhalis et al. 2023).

1 Introduction Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterised by portal inflammation and immune-mediated destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. The disease predominantly affects middle-aged women, with approximately 95% of patients testing positive for the specific serum marker, anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) [1, 2]. PBC follows a chronic progressive course, eventually leading to cirrhosis, liver failure and even death.

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