Hushan Wang

Abstract Cotton is an important global cash crop whose yield and quality are highly influenced by soil nitrogen. Therefore, examining the interactions between roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under reduced nitrogen conditions is of great significance.

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.

Abstract We propose and demonstrate an all-optical pulse sampling technique based on the transient grating (TG) procedure with perturbation, which provides a simple and robust manner to characterize an ultrashort laser pulse without employing a retrieval algorithm. In our approach, a two-orders weaker perturbation pulse perturbs the diffracted pulse from the TG, which is generated by another strong fundamental pulse.